传粉榕小蜂雌蜂多孔板形感器的形态与适应进化
Morphological adaptation and evolution of multiporous placoid sensilla in female Agaonids (Chalcidoidea, Hymenotera)
李宗波1** 杨 培2 赵 健1 杨大荣2***
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DOI：
作者单位：1. 西南林业大学林学院 云南省森林灾害预警与控制重点实验室 昆明 650224; 2. 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 昆明 650223
中文关键词：传粉榕小蜂, 雌蜂, 多孔板形感器，形态，进化
英文关键词：Agaonidae, female wasp, multiporous placoid sensilla, morphology, evolution
中文摘要：
【目的】 获得传粉榕小蜂（Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae）雌蜂触角上的多孔板形感器的形态特征，并结合系统发育关系，探讨多孔板形感器的适应性进化。【方法】 应用扫描电子显微技术，对传粉榕小蜂12属70种雌蜂触角上多孔板形感器的超微形态、密度、排列形式等进行观察，并采用相关性分析方法研究多孔板形感器的形态适应性。【结果】 传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角上共存在长形、刺形和圆形3种多孔板形感器，长形多孔板形感器有单螺旋环状（类型Ⅰ）和多螺旋环状（类型Ⅱ）2种排列形式，刺形多孔板形感器有边缘着生型（类型Ⅲ）和轴向螺旋环型（类型Ⅳ）2种，圆形板形感器仅存在于Eupristina、Ceratosolen、Waterstoniella、Tetrapus属中，且只分布于触角第3棒节的腹面。从类型Ⅰ到类型Ⅳ，多孔板形感器具有明显的延伸、增多、末端分离等形态特征，而末端分离程度是提高感器灵敏度的一种重要方式。多孔板形感器的数量与榕果果径呈正相关（r=0.249，P=0.003），分离程度与榕果直径负相关（r=－0.231，P=0.017）。【结论】 传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角上存在长形、刺形和圆形3种多孔板形感器，其延伸、增多、末端分离等特征是一种明显的形态适应性，使之在复杂的生态环境中感知寄主的特异性挥发物。
英文摘要： [Objectives] To describe the ultramorphology of the multiporous placoid sensilla (MPS) located on the antennae of female Agaonids (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae) and discuss the morphological adaptation and evolution of these organs in the context of the phylogeny of the Agaonidae. [Methods] The morphology, density and distribution of MPS in females of 70 species from 12 genera of the Agaonidae were observed by SEM. [Results] There are 3 types of MPS on the antennae of female Agaonids: elongated multiporous placoid sensilla (MPS-E), chaetica multiporous placoid sensilla (MPS-C) and rounded multiporous placoid sensilla (MPS-R). MPS-E can have either a single whorl arrangement (TypeⅠ) or a multiple whorl arrangement (TypeⅡ). MPS-C also have two distinct arrangements; lateral arrangement (Type Ⅲ) and socket situated, axial arrangement (Type Ⅳ). MPS-R only occur on the third club on the ventral surface of antennae in the genera Eupristina, Ceratosolen, Waterstoniella, Tetrapus. Although all 4 different arrangements increase MPS receptor surface area by lengthening and increasing the number of sensilla, branching is the key way of improving sensillar sensitivity. On the other hand, numbers of MPS were positively correlated to fig diameter (r=0.249, P=0.003), but branching was negatively correlated to fig diameter (r=－0.231, P=0.017). [Conclusion] The antennae of female Agonids have 3 types of MPS; MPS-E, MPS-C and MPS-R. Elongation and branching of MPS were typical morphological adaptations the repeated evolution of which may help female agaonids to effectively locate species-specific compounds of female floral figs in complex rainforest.