【目的】 目前对白蚁的物种鉴定主要依赖形态学特征，本文从分子水平对4种散白蚁进行了鉴定和系统发育分析。【方法】 对4种散白蚁（湖南散白蚁Reticulitermes hunanensis Tsai et Peng、平额散白蚁Reticulitermes planifrons Li et Ping、近暗散白蚁Reticulitermes perilucifugus Ping和侏儒散白蚁Reticulitermes minutus Ping et Xu）的线粒体16S rDNA和COⅡ基因序列进行扩增和测序，对序列进行比对及碱基组成分析后上传至GeneBank，并构建系统发育树对4种散白蚁进行系统发育分析。【结果】 16S rDNA和COⅡ基因片段长度分别约380 bp和720 bp，两个基因的AT碱基含量均远远大于GC，16S rDNA序列的遗传距离普遍大于COⅡ序列，且两者的系统发育情况不一致。【结论】 COⅡ基因系统发育与地理位置差距相关较为明显，16S rDNA 基因序列碱基差异较COⅡ多，推断COⅡ基因更适合于白蚁由于地理位置引起的系统发育和地理迁徙及传入情况的研究，16S rDNA基因更适合于白蚁种类的鉴别。

[Objectives]  To evaluate using molecular methods to identify, and construct a phylogeny of, four Reticulitermes species, which, like other termites, have been traditionally identified on the basis of morphological features. [Methods] Mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COⅡ partial gene sequences of four Reticulitermes species (Reticuliterme hunanensis Tsai et Peng、Reticuliterme planifrons Li et Ping、Reticulitermes perilucifugus Ping and Reticulitermes minutus Ping et Xu ) were amplified, sequenced and compared. After Blast and base composition analysis, sequences were submitted to the GeneBank database and neighbor-joining trees of the phylogenetic relationships between species constructed. [Results]  The four 16S rDNA sequences are about 380 bp and the four COⅡ sequences are about 720 bp, long. The proportion of AT is much greater than that of CG in both genes, and the genetic distances between the 16S rDNA of each species are all greater than those between COⅡ gene sequences. Phylogenies based on the 16S rDNA and COⅡ sequences were consistent. [Conclusion]  That based on COⅡ gene sequences more closely reflected the geographical origin of the species but 16S rDNA sequences has greater nucleotide diversity than COⅡ gene sequences. The COⅡ gene is more applicable to research on phylogenetic differences caused by geographical location and by migration and immigration. The 16S rDNA is, however, more useful than the COⅡ gene for termite species identification.