胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用研究进展
Progress in research on the commercial use of cochineal insects and cochineal dye
汤沈杨 ；陈梦瑶；肖花美 ；李 飞
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.107
作者单位：1. 浙江大学昆虫科学研究所，杭州 310058； 2. 宜春学院生命科学与资源环境学院，江西省作物生长发育调控重点实验室，宜春336000
中文关键词：胭脂虫；胭脂虫红色素；胭脂红酸；检测方法；应用
英文关键词：cochineal; cochineal dye; carminic acid; detection method; application
中文摘要：胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa属同翅目（Homoptera）洋红蚧科（Dactylopiidae）洋红蚧属（Dactylopius），其饲养和应用历史悠久。从干燥的雌性胭脂虫体内可以提取出一种红色色素——胭脂虫红。胭脂虫红主要由胭脂红酸、胭脂酮酸、虫漆酸D、DCⅣ（2-C-α-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷）、DCⅦ（2-C-β-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷）以及Spiroketalcarminic acid等组成，具有极高的稳定性和安全性，应用范围极为广泛，可用于医药、天然色素添加剂和化妆品等领域，价格非常昂贵。鼓励边远地区的农民饲养胭脂虫曾是云南等省份的扶贫工作之一。胭脂虫红质量的高低受多方面因素影响，如个体内在因素（性别、生长发育阶段等）、环境因素（温度、湿度、光照、害虫等）。目前，可采用核磁共振光谱法NMR、高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列和串联质谱与电喷雾电离HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS、三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析、多变量统计分析等技术检测和鉴定胭脂虫红。本文综述了胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用，以期得到昆虫学业内更广泛的关注。
英文摘要：The cochineal insect (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae) has a long history of artificial breeding and commercial use. A red pigment, cochineal, can be extracted from dried females. Cochineal is mainly comprised of carmine acid, kermesic acid, flavokermesic acid, DCⅣ, DCⅦ, and spiroketalcarminic acid, and has high stability and safety in a wide range of applications, including in medicines, as a natural pigment additive, cosmetics and other fields. Due to its high price, encouraging farmers to breed cochineal insects is a Poverty Alleviation project in remote parts of Yunnan Province. However, the quality of cochineal is affected by variables such as gender, and development stage, and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light and pests. Because of this variability, NMR, HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS, excitation-emission fluorescence data and three-way PARAFAC decomposition, multivariate statistical analysis and other techniques are used to detect and validate cochineal quality. This paper reviews the commercial application of cochineal and cochineal dye in order to attract additional research interest to these products.