狄斯瓦螨寄生对西方蜜蜂发育的影响
Effects of the parasite Varroa destructor on honey bee, Apis mellifera L. development
李文峰；韩日畴
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2020.110
作者单位：广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室，广东省野生动物保护与利用开放实验室，广东省生物资源应用研究所，广州 510260；广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室，广东省野生动物保护与利用开放实验室，广东省生物资源应用研究所，广州 510260
中文关键词：狄斯瓦螨；西方蜜蜂；蛹期；发育；残翅病毒
英文关键词：Varroa destructor; Apis mellifera; pupal stage; development; deformed wing virus
中文摘要：
【目的】 研究被狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor寄生的西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.工蜂蛹期发育过程的若干生理变化，以揭示狄斯瓦螨寄生对西方蜜蜂个体发育的影响。【方法】 采用以空心胶囊为载体的狄斯瓦螨体外培养系统观测狄斯瓦螨对蜜蜂蛹期侵染的全过程。在实验室条件下，对5日龄早期工蜂幼虫分别接种0（对照组）、1只、2只成年雌螨，持续观察蜂螨寄生后第3天（D3）、第6天（D6）、第9天（D9）和出房时（Emergence）的寄主蜜蜂的发育表观变化、体重变化、死亡率及寄主和蜂螨体内蜜蜂残翅病毒（Deformed wing virus, DWV）丰度变化。【结果】 感染狄斯瓦螨的西方蜜蜂不仅发现翅残缺/变形、腹部萎缩等已知畸形发育特征，还发现复眼着色延迟等新特征，并且蜜蜂个体发育畸形率与接种蜂螨数目呈显著正相关（P < 0.000 1）。与对照组相比，感染狄斯瓦螨的蜜蜂体重在D6、D9和出房时间点均显著降低（P < 0.001），且与接种蜂螨数目呈显著负相关（P < 0.000 1）。狄斯瓦螨寄生使寄主寿命显著缩短（P < 0.001），且该效应也与最初感染的蜂螨数目有关。在D9时，狄斯瓦螨寄生显著提高了蜜蜂DWV丰度（P < 0.05），且蜜蜂DWV表达水平与接种蜂螨数目显著正相关（P < 0.01）。此外，狄斯瓦螨体内的DWV表达水平与寄主体内的DWV表达水平呈显著正相关（P < 0.001）。【结论】 狄斯瓦螨寄生对西方蜜蜂工蜂蛹期发育造成了破坏性影响，对其个体健康构成了重要威胁。
英文摘要：
[Objectives] To investigate the physiological responses of Apis mellifera worker pupae to Varroa destructor, and illustrate the effects of this parasite on the development of honey bees. [Methods] A gelatin capsule-based Varroa in vitro rearing system was used to monitor the development of honey bee pupae infested by Varroa mites. Capsules containing early fifth instar worker larvae were inoculated with 0 (Control), 1 and 2 mites, respectively, and kept at an appropriate temperature in an incubator until the bees emerged. The appearance, body weight and mortality of larvae, and the DWV level of both hosts and parasites, were recorded and analyzed three (D3), six (D6) and nine days (D9) after Varroa inoculation and at the time of emergence. [Results] A range of deformities such as crippled or deformed wings, a shortened abdomen, developmental retardation indicated by delayed compound eye pigmentation, were observed and the deformity rate was significantly correlated with the number of mites (P < 0.000 1). The body weight of Varroa-infested bees was significantly less than that of the control group on D6, D9, and at emergence (P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with the number of mites (P < 0.000 1). Bee’s life spans were inversely correlated with the number of mites (P < 0.001). Relative DWV levels were significantly up-regulated by Varroa parasitism on D9, and were positively correlated with the number of mites (P < 0.001). In addition, expressed DWV RNAs were positively correlated between hosts and the parasites (P < 0.001). [Conclusion] Varroa parasitism both retards the development and increases the mortality of honey bee worker pupae, thereby posing a significant threat to colony health.