The evolution of heteronomous parasitoids
Author of the article:NING Xiao-Xue MAN Xiao-Ming LIU Wan-Xue YANG Nian-Wan
Author's Workplace:State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
Key Words:heteronomous parasitoids; hyperparasitism; reproduction; evolution; biological control
Abstract:
Heteronomous
parasitoids are species in which males have different host relationships than
females. According to their host relationship and developmental pattern,
heteronomous parasitoids are categorized as either diphagous, heterotrophic or
heteronomous. In many species of the Coccophaginae, a subfamily of the
Aphelinidae, the sexes have different hosts. In this review, we focus on
heteronomous members of the Coccophaginae, categorize heteronomous parasitoids
according to their host relationship and summarize the varying reproductive
modes and developmental patterns of this group. We also review hypotheses on
the evolution of heteronomous parasitoids based on current understanding of
their life history. Finally, we discuss the controversial topic of using
heteronomous parasitoids for biological control.