Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly-conservative proteins which are induced by stress stimulations and lie in all kinds of organisms. The study of heat shock proteins in Drosophila, which is an important model organism for understanding basic biological and human disease mechanisms, has made much new advance in recent years. This paper reviewed the category, the regulation of gene expression, and the biological functions of HSPs in Drosophila. HSPs can act as molecular chaperone, regulate the survival and apoptosis of the cell, and affect the development and longevity of Drosophila. HSPs may be applied in curing the neurodegenerative diseases in the future.