小麦与蔬菜蚜虫新型防控技术研究进展
Advancement of new prevent and control technologies for aphids in wheat and vegetable
范 佳1 刘 勇2 曾建国3 郭 梅4 孙京瑞1 程 辟3 陈巨莲1**
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2014.169
作者单位：1. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所，植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室，北京 100193；2. 山东农业大学植物保护学院， 泰安 271018；3. 湖南农业大学，国家植物功能成分利用工程技术研究中心，长沙 410128；4. 黑龙江省农业科学院植物脱毒苗木研究所，哈尔滨 150086
中文关键词：小麦，蔬菜，博落回，蚜虫，反-β-法尼烯，挥发物缓释器，推-拉策略，生态调控，作物多样性布局，植物源杀虫剂
英文关键词：wheat, vegetable, Macleaya cordata, aphid, (E)-β-Farnesene, push-pull strategy, slow releaser of infochemicals, ecological manipulation, crops diversity allocation, botanical insecticide
中文摘要：
近几年通过国内外科研协作，小麦及蔬菜蚜虫基础及防控技术研究有了长足进展：在害虫行为调控技术方面，通过蚜虫报警激素反-β-法尼烯[(E)-β-Farnesene, EBF]等挥发物缓释对蚜虫及其天敌种群调查，明确了田间应用剂量及持效期、释放点间距、释放器放置高度，以及EBF与化学农药协调应用对蚜虫控制及对天敌的引诱效果及其作用机理，发展了防控小麦、蔬菜蚜虫的“推-拉”技术；在利用作物多样性布局对害虫生态调控技术方面，研究明确小麦与多种作物间、套及混种对蚜虫具有良好控制作用及其最佳作物布局模式，并揭示其降低蚜虫密度、保护天敌及提高土地利用当量等增产效果；筛选了植物源杀虫活性成分，发现博落回提取物中血根碱及植物凝集素对麦蚜具有强杀虫活性，开发获得了一种博落回提取物（Macleaya cordata extract，简称MCE）与烟碱复配配方，杀蚜虫效果达98.9%；通过技术集成研究与示范，在河南、河北与山东推广应用；并采用可量化评价体系，获得当地农民及农技推广部门的反馈意见，对区域集成技术进行调整。研究结果对改变目前过度依赖化学农药防治小麦、蔬菜病虫害的现状，减少农药使用和残留、促进农民增收等小麦、蔬菜病虫害绿色防控技术的开发推广及食品安全具有重要意义。
英文摘要：
Domestic and international scientific collaboration over recent years has led to important achievements in basic researchandcontrol techniques for wheat and vegetable aphids. Behavioral manipulation technology has improved through the investigation of the effectiveness of slow released infochemicals, e.g. aphid alarm pheromone [(E)-β-Farnesene, EBF)], in repelling aphids and attracting their natural enemies. This research has clarified the correct dose of infochemical oil in the slow releaser and the effective height of infochemical dispensers above host plants, plus the possibility of coordination with the application of EBF and insecticides. In addition, “push-pull” techniques have been developed that use crop diversity to control aphids. These unequivocally demonstrate that intercropping, or mixing wheat with other crops, has a valuable control effect on aphids, and allows optimal models to be selected base on the required aphid population decrease, the importance of preserving natural enemies and the Land Equivalent Ratio. Plant resource insecticidalcomponent screening has found some bioactive components in Macleaya cordata exacts (MCE), e.g. alkaloids, and plant lectins that are highly toxictowheat aphids. A formula containing sanguinarine from MCE and nicotine has been developed that can achieve a mortality among aphid populationsof98.9%; New crop protection technologies have been integrated and demonstrated in wheat and vegetable fields in Henan, Hebei and Shandongprovinces, and a socio-economic survey and evaluation system adopted to adjust control methods based on feedback from farmers andtechnologytransfer agencies. The final proposed solutions are adapted to localconditions and are therefore more sustainable andefficient,limitthenegativeeffectsofthe conventional pesticide use,enhancefarmers’ income, and ensure food safety.