优头细蛾（鳞翅目：细蛾科）的生物学特性及生存对策研究
The biology and survival strategy of Epicephala sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
王志博** 李后魂***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2015.017
作者单位：南开大学生命科学学院 天津300071
中文关键词： 圆果算盘子，优头细蛾，生物学特性，互惠共生，生存对策
英文关键词：Key words Glochidion sphaerogynum, Epicephala, biological character, mutualism, survival strategy
中文摘要：
【目的】 探探索优头细蛾Epicephala sp.适应圆果算盘子Glochidion sphaerogynum特点而采取的生存对策，对揭示圆果算盘子与优头细蛾协同进化关系有重要的意义。【方法】 本文通过对圆果算盘子物候、优头细蛾生活史、成虫活动规律以及圆果算盘子种子被幼虫蛀食情况这几方面的研究对优头细蛾适应性生存对策进行了探讨。【结果】 圆果算盘子在整个算盘子属中呈现了一些与众不同的特点，特别体现在物候和雌花形态这两方面。在海南鹦哥岭，圆果算盘子每年只有一个花期，优头细蛾每年相应只有一个世代。优头细蛾是圆果算盘子的专性寄生者，承担着为圆果算盘子传粉的任务。头细蛾幼虫出果率为56.33%，完整种子保存率为56.58%，每头幼虫平均消耗4.53粒种子。【结论】 优头细蛾通过以卵越夏对策，能够实现成虫发生期与圆果算盘子花期精准匹配。成虫选择了在雌花顶端小孔插入产卵器的产卵方式，并形成了与之相应的雌花选择和先产卵后传粉的生存对策，这样的产卵对策是适应圆果算盘子雌花形态的表现，同时对提高传粉效率、限制种子过度开采等方面体现了积极作用。
英文摘要： [Objectives] To investigate the survival strategies of Epicephala sp., in particular those pertaining to the coevolutionary relationship between it and the plant Glochidion sphaerogynum (Müller Argoviensis). [Methods] The survival strategies of Epicephala sp. are discussed with reference to the phenology of G. sphaerogynum, including life history, adult activity patterns and larval seed consumption. [Results] Some aspects of the phenology and morphology of the female flower of G. sphaerogynum differ from those of other Glochidion plant species. In Hainan Yingge Mountain Nature Reserves, G. sphaerogynum has one flowering season, and Epicephala sp. one generation, each year. Epicephala sp. is an obligate parasite and pollinator of G. sphaerogynum. The rate of larvae emerging from fruits was 56.33%, and the proportion of intact seeds was 56.58%. The average number of seeds consumed by each larva was 4.53. [Conclusion] One survival strategy of Epicephala sp. is spending the G. sphaerogynum non-flowering period in the egg stage and synchronizing eclosion with the flowering season. Another is that Epicephala sp. inserts its ovipositor into the hole on the top of the style of the G. sphaerogynum female flower, an adaption to host morphology that both improves pollination efficiency and prevents seeds being over exploited.