不同温度条件对棉蚜、棉长管蚜种间竞争关系的影响
Interspecific competition between Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordviiko at different temperatures
冯丽凯1** 高桂珍2*** 吕昭智2 贾慧敏1 王佩玲1***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2015.064
作者单位：1. 石河子大学农学院/新疆绿洲农业病虫害治理与植保资源利用自治区普通高校重点实验室，石河子 832000；2. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所/干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室，乌鲁木齐 830011
中文关键词：温度，棉蚜，棉长管蚜，共存，单种，竞争
英文关键词：temperature, Aphis gossypii Glover, Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordviiko, coexistence, single species, competition
中文摘要： 【目的】 棉蚜Aphis gossypii和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii是棉花上的共存种，本文拟明确不同恒温条件下两种蚜虫单种和共存时的种群动态、有翅蚜发生及在棉株上的分布情况，探讨温度对两者种间竞争的作用。【方法】 棉蚜、棉长管蚜单种、混合初始等蚜量设置，分别置于室内21、24和 27℃恒温条件下，系统调查记录各处理种群数量、有翅蚜数量及在棉株上的分布，应用内禀增长率rm、空间分布情况、有翅蚜比例为竞争判别指标。【结果】 棉蚜单种种群过程的rm均大于棉长管蚜，共存条件下一种对另一种蚜虫的rm均没有显著影响；棉蚜种群97％以上在叶片活动，棉长管蚜在叶片的比例为55％~75％；同一温度条件，两种共存不影响对方在棉花叶片和茎秆上的分布；棉蚜和棉长管蚜主要分布于棉花中上部。随温度升高，共存种群中棉蚜向棉株下部移动的比例增加，单种和共存种群棉长管蚜趋向于棉株上部移动。同一温度条件下，共存对棉蚜上下分布没有明显影响。21℃和27℃棉蚜的存在对棉长管蚜没有显著影响，但24℃时共存可使棉长管蚜在下部的比例明显增加；随温度的升高，棉蚜有翅蚜比例下降显著，而棉长管蚜无显著变化。【结论】 适温范围内，两种蚜虫种间竞争的存在不影响彼此的内在繁殖能力，棉蚜比棉长管蚜具有更强的内在竞争能力；温度对棉蚜在竞争活动空间上的影响不明显，而对棉长管蚜的上下位置的选择有一定作用；种间竞争和种内竞争加速棉蚜有翅蚜的发生。
英文摘要：[Objectives] Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordviiko coexist on cotton. This article aims to quantify their population dynamics, the proportion of alates produced and their spatial distribution on cotton plants at different constant temperatures, both when in isolation and in sympatry. The effects of temperature on competition between the two species is analyzed and discussed. [Methods] The same initial number of Ap. gossypii and Ac. gossypii were introduced to cotton plants at 21, 24, and 27℃, and their population dynamics, number of alates and spatial distribution record at fixed time intervals. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm), spatial distribution and proportion of alates produced were taken as indices of competition. [Results] rm of Ap. gossypii were larger than that of Ac. gossypii and coexistence had no significant effect on the rm of either species. The proportion of Ap. gossypii on cotton leaves was > 97%, whereas that of Ac. gossypii was 55%- 75%. Coexistence had no significant effect on the relative abundance of either species on leaves or stems, they both preferred the upper part of cotton plants. There were little differences between species. The proportion of Ap. gossypii increased with temperature relative to that of Ac. gossypii, irrespective of whether the species were in isolation or in sympatry, and Ap. gossypii had a greater preference for the upper part of the cotton. Coexistence had no effect on the distribution of Ap. gossypii at 21℃ and 27℃. However at 24℃, the ratio of Ap. gossypii increased on the lower part of cotton plants. The proportion of alate Ap. gossypii declined significantly with increasing temperature whereas that of Ac. gossypii did not. [Conclusion] Interspecific competition between Ap. gossypii and Ac. gossypii had no effect on the reproductive parameters of either species but Ap. gossypii had stronger competitive ability at higher temperature. Temperature had little effect on the spatial distribution of Ap. gossypii, and a limited effect on the vertical distribution of Ac. gossypii. Interspecific competition and intraspecific competition increased the proportion of alate Ap.gossypii.