蚊媒传染病的遗传控制和共生控制
Genetic control and paratransgenesis of mosquito-borne diseases
崔春来1, 2** 陈晶晶1, 2** 王四宝2***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2015.128
作者单位：1. 中国科学院大学，北京 100049；2. 中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所，上海 200032
中文关键词：蚊虫，媒介传染病，遗传修饰，共生微生物，阻断传播
英文关键词：mosquito, vector-born disease, genetic engineering, symbiotic microbes, blocking transmission
中文摘要：
蚊虫是疟疾和登革热等多种疾病的传播媒介，媒介控制是阻断虫媒传染病的重要措施。当前对媒介的控制主要依赖于化学杀虫剂，但蚊虫已对杀虫剂产生了普遍抗性，加上疟原虫等耐药性问题的出现和抗疟疫苗的缺乏，急需发展新的方法和策略用于蚊媒传染病的防控。蚊子中肠是疟原虫等病原体在蚊虫体内发育的最大屏障，是阻断疾病传播的理想靶点。基于转基因蚊的遗传控制和转基因共生菌的共生控制是降低媒介效能和阻断疾病传播的两个有前景的新策略。遗传控制是直接以媒介昆虫作为遗传操作对象，通过表达抗病效应分子来阻断疾病的传播；转基因共生菌防治则是以共生微生物作为遗传改造的对象，在宿主体内表达抗病效应分子以达到阻断疾病传播的目的。本文对这些新防治方法的现状及应用进展进行综述，并讨论遗传控制和共生控制在蚊媒传染病防治的实际应用中所面临的问题。
英文摘要：Mosquitoes are vectors of major infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, etc. Mosquito control is the key to block the spread of the diseases. Continuous emergence of mosquito insecticide resistance and parasite drug resistance, combined with the lack of an effective malaria vaccine severely limits our ability to contain this intolerable burden. New weapons to fight the diseases are urgently needed. Successful development of the disease pathogens in vector mosquito is requirement for transmission to occur. In the mosquito, only a small proportion of the pathogens (malaria parasite, etc.) survive in the midgut lumen. Thus, the severe bottleneck in the mosquito makes midgut a prime target for blocking transmission of the diseases. Mosquito transgenesis and paratransgenesis have been considered as the two promising novel control strategies that aim at interrupting transmission of the diseases. Mosquito transgenesis is direct genetic modification of the mosquito itself for production of anti-mosquito or anti-pathogen effector molecules. Conversely, paratransgenesis involves the genetic engineering of mosquito symbionts for delivery of the effector molecules in mosquito. Here we summarize the progress of both genetic manipulation strategies for control of the mosquito-born diseases, and also discuss challenges for the translation of laboratory findings to practical applications.