昆虫基因组大小及其进化
Progress in research on insect genome size and evolution
丛宇阳；肖花美；李 飞
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.131
作者单位：浙江大学昆虫科学研究所，杭州 310058；宜春学院生命科学与资源环境学院，江西省作物生长发育调控重点实验室，宜春 336000
中文关键词：昆虫；基因组大小；C值悖论；基因组的进化；非编码DNA
英文关键词：insect; genome size; C-value paradox; genome evolution; non-coding DNA
中文摘要：基因组是物种遗传信息的集合，其大小是研究基因组进化、结构及功能的重要参数之一。本文介绍了测定基因组大小的方法，简述了基因组大小的进化假说及分子机制，综述了近年来昆虫基因组大小的研究进展，尤其是昆虫基因组大小变化的相关影响因子。总体而言，昆虫基因组大小变化是一个复杂的过程，与转座子的活性有密切的关系，是基因组序列丢失和获得两种过程平衡的结果。基因组大小的变化仍在不断地进化中，其对生物造成的影响是剧烈的，因此对昆虫的表型特征产生了重要的影响，但影响的程度和关系在不同的类群有明显的差异，表现出一定的随机性，目前尚未总结出明显的规律。昆虫是生物多样性最为丰富的动物类群，是研究基因组大小进化的最佳材料，随着越来越多的昆虫基因组被测序公开，对昆虫基因组数据进行深入分析，有利于破解基因组大小进化的“C值之谜”，可为生物基因组大小的研究提供重要参考。
英文摘要：The genome contains the accumulated genetic information of a species, and genome size is an important metric for studying genome structure, function and evolution. Here, we briefly introduce the methods for estimating genome size and the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces underlying changes in animal genome size. We also review current progress in studying insect genome size, especially the correlation between genome size and variable phenotypic characteristics in insects. In general, evolutionary change in insect genome size is a quite complex process that is closely related to transposon. Genome size is the result of the balance between DNA loss and gain. Insect genome size is still evolving, which in turn influences the phenotypic characteristics of insects to various degrees, however, the explicit relationship between these two features remains obscure. Since they have the highest diversity of all animal taxa, insects are good models for studying genome size evolution. Further analysis of insect genome data facilitates uncovering evolutionary changes in insect genome size, which may also shed light on the “C-value enigma”