壁蜂及蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃授粉服务功能分析
Analysis of the pollinating services provided by Osmia cornifrous (Rodoszkouski) and Apis mellifera ligustica Spin in apple and cherry orchards
肖云丽；唐文颖；刘存辉；于 凯； 公 义；杨勤民；张玉国；曲诚怀
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.133
作者单位：山东省植物保护总站，济南 250100；烟台农技中心植保站，烟台 264000；临朐县植保站，临朐 262600；牟平区植保站，烟台 264000； 福山区植保站，烟台 264000
中文关键词：壁蜂授粉；蜜蜂授粉；苹果；大樱桃；授粉功能
英文关键词：Osmia sp.; honeybees; apple; cherry; pollinating effect
中文摘要：
【目的】 传粉昆虫在果树生产中发挥着非常重要的授粉服务功能。但有关壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃的服务功能不清楚。本论文针对苹果、大樱桃传粉昆虫不足、果品品质不高等科学问题，连续3年系统地调查和分析了胶东半岛主要传粉昆虫（壁蜂、蜜蜂）对苹果、大樱桃的产量与品质促进作用，以评价传粉昆虫对苹果与大樱桃的生态服务功能。【方法】 2015-2018年在山东省胶东半岛选择了6个果园进行了壁蜂、蜜蜂释放与不放蜂对照处理，系统测定了经壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、常规授粉等不同的授粉处理后苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖及产量的变化。【结果】 利用壁蜂、蜜蜂授粉可以显著提高苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸含量及风味（固酸比）值；可以增加苹果、大樱桃产量，显著提高其果品品质；而且壁蜂授粉的效果均高于蜜蜂授粉。 【结论】 在胶东果园可以通过释放壁蜂和蜜蜂，以提高苹果、大樱桃的授粉服务功能；且由于壁蜂具有耐低温、采集速度快、授粉效率高、管理简便、应用成本低的优势，壁蜂的应用前景更为广阔。
英文摘要：[Objectives] To test the ecological services provided by pollinating insects in the fruit industry and solve the problems of insufficient pollinators and low fruit quality. [Methods] The benefit of the presence of Osmia cornifrous (Rodoszkouski) and Apis mellifera ligustica Spin, the two main pollinating insects in apple and cherry orchards in eastern Shandong province, on apple and cherry yield, fruit quality, were measured over three consecutive years. We compared fruit set, vitamin C content, soluble solids, total sugar content, total acid content and fruit yield in 6 orchards with O. cornifrous and A. mellifera ligustica from 2015 to 2018. Orchards with normal pollination methods were the control. [Results] We found that orchards with O. cornifrous and A. mellifera ligustica had higher fruit set, and the fruit from these orchards had higher vitamin C, total sugar and total acid levels, and higher solid-acid ratios. The pollinating efficiency of O. excavate was, on average, higher than that of A. mellifera. [Conclusion] Both O. excavate and A. mellifera provide important pollination services in apple and cherry orchards; both species increase fruit set, fruit yield and flavor. O. excavate is superior to A. mellifera because of its greater resistance to lower temperatures, higher pollination efficiency and simpler, lower input, management.