昆虫虽然缺乏适应性免疫系统，却进化出一套高效复杂的先天免疫系统来保护机体免受多种病原感染。昆虫先天免疫系统能够识别入侵病原体并迅速启动以消除潜在的威胁。免疫反应的第一步依赖于种系编码的模式识别受体，模式识别受体可以检测并结合入侵病原体表面的病原相关分子模式，进而激活下游免疫反应。到目前为止，在鳞翅目昆虫中已经鉴定到多种模式识别受体，如肽聚糖识别蛋白、β-1,3-葡聚糖识别蛋白和C型凝集素等。多种模式识别受体分工协作，共同参与复杂而精细的免疫应答。生物化学、遗传学和分子生物学等研究发现，不同种类的模式识别受体具有结合特异性和适应性进化。本文将重点总结模式识别受体相关基因家族的起源、结构特征以及在鳞翅目模式昆虫的生理功能和进化等方面的研究进展，为进一步研究其它鳞翅目昆虫的免疫系统，探索免疫基因与宿主生态适应性的关系提供参考。

Though lacking an adaptive immune system, insects have evolved a highly efficient and complex innate immune system to protect them from multiple pathogens. This innate immune system can recognize invading pathogens, and rapidly activate an immune response to eliminate potential threats. The first step of the immune response is dependent on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect and bind certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of invading pathogens, thereby activating a downstream immune response. So far, a variety of PRRs have been identified in the Lepidoptera, such as peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and C-type lectin (CTL). Various types of PRRs work together to participate in complex and delicate immune responses. Research in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology have found that different types of PRRs have unique binding specificity and adaptive evolution. This review focuses on summarizing the origin and structural characteristics of PRR related gene families, as well as progress in research on physiological functions and evolution of PRRs in Lepidopteran model insects. This information will assist further research on the immune system of other Lepidopteran insects and provide a reference for exploring the relationship between immune genes and mechanisms of host ecological adaptation.