异律寄生蜂（Heteronomous parasitoids）是指雌蜂、雄蜂卵及幼期分别对应不同的寄主关系和发育方式的寄生蜂。依据雌蜂、雄蜂卵及幼期所寄生的位置、所利用寄主种类和寄生方式的差异，异律寄生蜂可划分为异位初寄生蜂、异主初寄生蜂和异律复寄生蜂。本文重点关注蚜小蜂Coccophaginae亚科的异律寄生蜂，依据其雌蜂、雄蜂卵及幼期所对应的寄主关系、寄主种类和发育方式进行梳理与归类，总结了异律寄生蜂的生殖方式和异律发育模式，结合其生活史特性探讨了异律寄生蜂的寄主选择和适应性进化，并辨析了异律寄生蜂在生物防治中的利弊与应用。

Heteronomous parasitoids are species in which males have different host relationships than females. According to their host relationship and developmental pattern, heteronomous parasitoids are categorized as either diphagous, heterotrophic or heteronomous. In many species of the Coccophaginae, a subfamily of the Aphelinidae, the sexes have different hosts. In this review, we focus on heteronomous members of the Coccophaginae, categorize heteronomous parasitoids according to their host relationship and summarize the varying reproductive modes and developmental patterns of this group. We also review hypotheses on the evolution of heteronomous parasitoids based on current understanding of their life history. Finally, we discuss the controversial topic of using heteronomous parasitoids for biological control.