从面积约束到功能连接： 农田景观生态调控的新框架
From area constraints to functional connectivity: A new framework for ecological regulation in agricultural landscapes
董兆克1, 2** 吕昭智1, 2
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.20951353.2026.098
作者单位：1. 青岛农业大学植物医学学院，青岛 266109；2. 东营青农大盐碱地高效农业技术产业研究院，东营 257091
中文关键词：景观功能重构；动态功能阈值；非作物生境；半自然生境；景观连通性；自然控害；天敌保育
英文关键词：landscape functional redesign; dynamic functional threshold; non-crop habitats; semi-natural habitat; landscape connectivity; natural pest control; natural enemy conservation
中文摘要： 农业集约化导致非作物生境丧失和景观同质化，削弱了农田生态系统的自然控害功能。传统景观生态调控以生境面积或比例阈值为规划依据；面积仍是生物多样性维持和土地配置的重要约束，但以孤立斑块与静态空间为前提的面积中心范式，难以解释不同景观背景、天敌类群和农事扰动条件下控害效应的差异。本文提出，农田景观设计的关键不再只是确定需要多少生境，而是通过功能连接组织有限生境，使其持续支持天敌移动、资源获取、种群补充与扰动后恢复。基于空间补偿和种群动态维持两类生态挑战，本文构建以功能连接为核心、以功能网络为其空间组织形式的框架；生境总量、功能连接、资源连续性、时间互补性和扰动暴露共同构成景观对目标生态调控功能的支持条件。本文将动态功能阈值界定为：在特定生态与管理情境下，使预设生态调控功能达到目标所需的最低综合景观功能支持水平，而非固定比例的生境面积。本文同时强调，连通性并非越高越好；应在促进天敌扩散与限制害虫传播之间取得平衡，实现有选择的最优连接。该框架为土地资源受限条件下农田景观的生态调控、自然控害和天敌保育提供可量化的理论依据与设计方向。
英文摘要：Agricultural intensification has resulted in the loss of non-crop habitats and increasing landscape homogenization, thereby undermining natural pest control services in agroecosystems. Conventional landscape-based ecological regulation often relies on habitat area, or proportional thresholds, as planning criteria. Although habitat area remains a fundamental constraint on biodiversity conservation and land allocation, an area-centered paradigm based on isolated patches and static space cannot adequately explain variation in pest-control outcomes across landscape contexts, natural-enemy taxa and farming disturbances. Here, we argue that the key task of farmland landscape design is not only to determine how much habitat is required, but also to organize limited habitats through functional connectivity so that they can continuously support the movement of the natural enemies of pests, resource use, population replenishment, and post-disturbance recovery. We develop a framework centered on functional connectivity and implemented through functional networks to address two linked challenges under area constraints: Spatial compensation and the dynamic maintenance of natural-enemy populations. Habitat amount, functional connectivity, resource continuity, temporal complementarity, and disturbance exposure, jointly determine the level of landscape functional support. We define the dynamic functional threshold as the minimum level of integrated landscape functional support required to achieve a predefined ecological-regulation goal under a given ecological and management context, rather than as a fixed habitat-area proportion. We further emphasize that connectivity is not inherently beneficial at all levels; landscape design should seek selective and context-dependent connectivity that promotes natural enemy dispersal while limiting pest spread and pest-reservoir risks. This framework provides a conceptual and quantifiable basis for ecological regulation, natural pest control, and natural enemy conservation in farmland landscapes with limited land resources.