重要果树木虱生态适应机制研究进展与展望
Mechanisms of ecological adaptation in economically important fruit tree psyllids: Progress and prospects
念晓歌1** 李建瑛1** 张职显2 阮雪熠2 宋晓兵1 黄 峰1 程保平1 张松斗1***
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.20951353.2026.104
作者单位：1. 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所，广东省植物保护新技术重点实验室，农业农村部华南果蔬绿色防控重点实验室， 广州 510640；2. 中国农业大学植物保护学院，北京 100193
中文关键词：柑橘木虱；黄龙病菌；中国梨木虱；梨火疫病菌；生态适应；协同进化
英文关键词：Diaphorina citri; CLas; Cacopsylla chinensis; Erwinia amylovora; ecological adaptation; coevolution
中文摘要：果树木虱是一类世界性果树害虫，主要包括柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri、中国梨木虱Cacopsylla chinensis和枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica等。除直接刺吸为害外，还可以传播柑橘黄龙病和梨火疫病等毁灭性病害；强大的生态适应能力是木虱种群猖獗与全球扩张的根本原因。本文从生物与非生物两大驱动因子出发，系统综述了重要果树木虱生态适应机制的最新研究进展。生物适应方面，黄龙病菌劫持柑橘木虱神经内分泌信号，提高雌虫生殖力并营造利于自身增殖的微环境，同时操纵免疫与取食，多层面驱动病原-媒介的协同进化；梨火疫病菌同样通过劫持中国梨木虱保幼激素信号提高雌虫生殖力，表明该机制在木虱-病原互作中具有保守性。非生物适应方面，温度受体基因CcTRPM和CcTRPV作为分子开关，感知环境温度波动并激活下游信号级联，精确调控中国梨木虱夏-冬两型转变，揭示了温度介导表型可塑性的分子遗传机制。其他木虱的生态适应策略亦呈现多样化，枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida搭载枸杞木虱成虫越冬，并通过促进木虱生殖力来提高自身越冬存活率；柚喀木虱Cacopsylla citrisuga因高温敏感性而主要分布于中国西南高海拔地区，与柑橘木虱占据的低海拔产区形成生态位分化。未来研究应聚焦病原-温度-木虱多元互作网络，解析环境信号如何通过表观遗传重塑驱动木虱生态表型的可塑性响应，进而影响病原传播动态与害虫种群暴发。在防控策略层面，应以温度受体和神经内分泌通路关键基因为分子靶标，研发兼具阻断生态适应和干扰病原-媒介互作的新型绿色防控技术。
英文摘要：Fruit tree psyllids are globally important pests that include the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the Chinese pear psyllid Cacopsylla chinensis and the wolfberry psyllid Paratrioza sinica. In addition to direct feeding damage, they transmit devastating diseases such as citrus huanglongbing and pear fire blight. Furthermore, their ecological adaptability increases the frequency of population outbreaks and the likelihood of global expansion. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in research on the ecological adaptation mechanisms of economically important fruit tree psyllids from both biotic and abiotic perspectives. In terms of biotic adaptation, the huanglongbing pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) hijacks the neuroendocrine signaling of D. citri to enhance female fecundity and create a microenvironment favorable for its own proliferation, while simultaneously manipulating immunity and feeding behavior, driving pathogen-vector coevolution on multiple levels. Similarly, the fire blight pathogen (Erwinia amylovora) hijacks juvenile hormone signaling in C. chinensis to increase female fecundity, suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in psyllid–pathogen interactions. Regarding abiotic adaptation, the temperature receptor genes CcTRPM and CcTRPV act as molecular switches that sense ambient temperature fluctuations and activate downstream signaling cascades to precisely regulate summer-winter polymorphism in C. chinensis. This indicates a molecular genetic mechanism of temperature-mediated phenotypic plasticity. In other psyllids, the wolfberry gall mite Aceria pallida attaches to overwintering P. sinica adults and enhances psyllid fecundity to improve its own overwintering survival, an example of the diversity of ecological adaptation strategies in this group. Ecological adaptation strategies vary considerably among other psyllids. The high-temperature sensitivity of C. citrisuga restricts its distribution to high-altitude areas of southwestern China, resulting in a distinct ecological niche partition from low-altitude citrus-producing regions where D. citri predominates. Future research should prioritize the systematic separation of the multipartite interaction network among pathogens, temperature, and psyllids. A key objective is to elucidate how environmental signals drive phenotypic plasticity in psyllids via epigenomic reprogramming, which in turn modulates pathogen transmission dynamics and triggers pest population outbreaks. With respect to control strategy, temperature receptors and key genes involved in neuroendocrine signaling pathways represent promising molecular targets for the development of next-generation green control technologies that both disrupt ecological adaptation, and interfere with pathogen–vector crosstalk.