环境DNA技术在农林业有害生物监测中的应用*
Application of environmental DNA technology for monitoring agricultural and forestry pests
龙淑婷1, 2** 张翼飞1, 2*** 刘雨芳2 潘本山1, 2 邹琪辉1, 2
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.20951353.2026.107
作者单位：1. 湖南科技大学三亚研究院，三亚 572024；2. 湖南科技大学生命科学与健康学院，湘潭 411201
中文关键词：陆生害虫；环境DNA（eDNA）；农林业害虫监测；数字PCR；早期预警
英文关键词：terrestrial pests; environmental DNA (eDNA); agricultural and forestry pest monitoring; digital PCR; early warning
中文摘要：农林业害虫的早期监测与精准防控是保障国家粮食安全与生态系统健康的重要前提。传统监测手段在低密度种群预警和隐蔽性害虫检测中普遍存在灵敏度不足、操作成本高及物种鉴定效率受限等问题。环境DNA（Environmental DNA，eDNA）技术通过直接从水体、土壤、空气、植物表面等环境介质中提取遗传物质，实现对目标生物的非接触式检测。作为一种新兴的分子生物学工具，eDNA技术在入侵害虫早期预警、低密度隐蔽种群检测及迁飞性害虫动态追踪等场景中展现出显著优势。本文梳理了国内外陆生农林害虫eDNA技术的研究进展，深入分析了陆生eDNA的释放与降解机制、采样策略、物种特异性引物探针体系，以及定量PCR（qPCR）、数字PCR（ddPCR）等关键检测技术，并结合占域模型等概率分析方法，重点综述了其在农田、林业、仓储及入侵害虫监测中的应用现状。分析表明，虽然eDNA技术能够显著提高目标种群的检出效率，但陆生环境中DNA的快速降解、空间异质性显著、标准化采样体系缺失、参考条形码数据库不完善以及定量解释能力不足，仍是制约其大规模推广的核心瓶颈。未来研究应聚焦于构建覆盖多介质的标准化采样与质控体系，完善农林害虫DNA条形码数据库，推动空气eDNA连续监测、便携式现场快检及人工智能辅助风险预警等技术的集成，逐步建立和完善陆生节肢动物eDNA监测理论框架，为重大农林害虫精准监测与国家农业生物安全体系建设提供核心技术支撑。
英文摘要：Early detection and precise monitoring of agricultural and forestry insect pests are fundamental for food security and ecosystem health. Conventional surveillance methods are often constrained by limited sensitivity for low-density populations, high operational costs, and heavy reliance on experts in morphological species identification. Environmental DNA (eDNA) technology enables the non-invasive detection of target organisms by extracting trace genetic material from various environmental substrates, including water, soil, air and plant surfaces. As an emerging molecular tool, eDNA has demonstrated considerable potential for the early detection of invasive pests, surveillance of cryptic and low-abundance populations, and tracking of migratory insect dynamics. This review synthesizes recent global advances in terrestrial eDNA research for agricultural and forestry pests. We systematically analyze eDNA release and degradation mechanisms, sampling strategies, species-specific assay development, and core detection technologies, including quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Furthermore, statistical approaches (such as occupancy models) are summarized alongside representative applications in the surveillance of agricultural, forest, stored-product and invasive, insect pests. Although eDNA-based approaches substantially improve the sensitivity of detection, their widespread implementation in terrestrial ecosystems is hindered by rapid DNA degradation, pronounced spatial heterogeneity, lack of standardized protocols, incomplete reference databases, and challenges in quantitative interpretation. Future research should prioritize establishing standardized multi-substrate sampling frameworks, expanding DNA barcode reference databases for major economic pests, developing airborne eDNA continuous monitoring and portable field-deployable detection platforms, and integrating artificial intelligence-assisted risk assessment. Advancing these frontiers will contribute to a robust theoretical framework for terrestrial arthropod eDNA monitoring, facilitating its application in precision pest management and agricultural biosecurity.