皿状孔特征在粉虱科昆虫分类及系统发育中的应用*
The value of vasiform orifice morphology in the taxonomy and phylogeny of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
刘佳磊** 白润娥*** 冯晓晴 李佳果 闫凤鸣
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.20951353.2026.109
作者单位：河南农业大学植物保护学院，郑州 450046
中文关键词：粉虱科；皿状孔；形态特征；分类鉴定；系统发育
英文关键词：Aleyrodidae; vasiform orifice; morphological characteristics; taxonomic identification; phylogeny
中文摘要：【目的】 阐明粉虱科昆虫皿状孔形态特征的分类应用价值、系统发育信息。【方法】 以我国多地采集的2亚科22属36种粉虱为研究材料，借助超景深显微镜和扫描电子显微镜获取皿状孔形态及超微结构，联合线粒体基因组13个蛋白编码基因和2个rRNA基因序列，系统解析粉虱皿状孔形态多样性及其与系统发育的关联性。【结果】 粉虱皿状孔形态在亚科、族和属级分类阶元间存在显著分化，而属内、种内皿状孔核心形态特征高度保守；粉虱1-4龄若虫皿状孔结构同源、性状稳定，可用于粉虱若虫的精准鉴定；基于皿状孔形态的聚类结果与线粒体基因组构建的分子系统发育树拓扑结构高度一致，该性状携带稳定可靠的系统发育信号，属于典型的系统发育保守性性状。【结论】 皿状孔可作为粉虱种类鉴定与系统发育重建的核心形态特征。研究结果可为粉虱分类修订、不同龄期若虫的精准鉴定及形态性状的适应演化机制的深入研究提供新思路、新技术。
英文摘要：[Aim] To elucidate the taxonomic and phylogenetic value of vasiform orifice morphology in the Aleyrodidae. [Methods] A total of 36 species representing 22 genera and 2 subfamilies, collected from various regions across China, were examined. The morphology and ultrastructure of the vasiform orifice were documented using digital super-depth-of-field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concurrently, the sequences of 13 protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes from the mitochondrial genome were analyzed to systematically explore the morphological diversity of the vasiform orifice and the consistency of this with phylogenetic relationships. [Results] Although its core morphological features remain highly conserved within genera and species, significant morphological differentiation of the vasiform orifice was apparent at the subfamily, tribal, and generic levels. The structure of the vasiform orifice is homologous and stable in 1st to 4th instar nymphs, rendering it a reliable characteristic for the accurate identification of immature whiteflies. Furthermore, clustering results based on vasiform orifice morphology are largely congruent with the topological structure of the molecular phylogenetic tree constructed using mitochondrial genomic data, indicating that this character carries a robust and stable phylogenetic signal and qualifies as a typical phylogenetically conservative trait. [Conclusion] The vasiform orifice is a key, diagnostic, morphological character for species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction in the Aleyrodidae. Our findings provide novel perspectives and technical approaches for taxonomic revision, accurate identification of different instars, and further investigation into the adaptive evolutionary mechanisms of morphological traits, in whiteflies.