基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论
Ecological management of insects based on ecological services at a landscape scale
戈 峰** 欧阳芳 赵紫华
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作者单位：中国科学院动物研究所 农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室，北京 100101
中文关键词：昆虫生态服务功能，农田景观，昆虫生态调控，生态景观设计，天敌生物控害，蜜蜂传粉，有机物分解
英文关键词： insect ecological service, agricultural landscape, ecological management of insect, ecological design, biological control, pollination, organic-matter disposition
中文摘要： 鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能，本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上，进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为：昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理，还应包括有益昆虫（如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫）的管理，这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统，充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能，通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计，从空间上明确昆虫（包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫）在不同生境中的转移扩散动态，从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程，从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施，在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段，研究景观区域内中“植物-昆虫”互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用，寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施，设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系，创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件，以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。
英文摘要： Insects play an important role in pollination, biological control, and organic-matter disposition in agroecosystems. Furthermore, agricultural landscape patterns have a great effect on insect distribution, which in turn affects the multiple ecological services insects provide. Based on integrated pest and habitat management, we suggest a new theory of the ecological management of agricultural insects based on ecological services at a landscape scale. Insect management should be conducted on a broad landscape scale for a single agroecosystem. Moreover, the pollination, biological control, and organic-matter disposition services provided by the insect community should be considered in agricultural landscape design. On one hand, the core technology is the construction and design of functional plants and non-crop habitats, which enhance both the activity of natural enemies and the multiple ecological services provided by insect communities, and suppress pest populations to the greatest extent on a successive spatial scale. On the other hand, the pattern and evolution of crop and non-crop habitats should be used to facilitate biological control of natural enemies on a temporal scale. In addition, the theory and method of stable isotope and energy ecology could be used to interpret plant-insect interactions qualitatively, with the goal of achieving sustainable insect management on a landscape scale. Finally, multiple ecological services (pollination, biological control, organic-matter disposition) can be achieved and supply a theoretical basis and potential for insect management on multiple spatial-temporal scales.