西方蜜蜂对东方蜜蜂采集行为 及食物资源利用的影响
Effect of Apis mellifera L. on the foraging behavior of Apis cerana F.
孟柏达；任晓晓；龚雪阳；陈新兰 ；胡晓玲； 卿 卓；李林庶
点击：968次 下载：24次
DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.118
作者单位：1. 云南高校蜜蜂资源可持续利用工程中心，云南农业大学东方蜜蜂研究所，云南农业大学动物科学技术学院， 昆明 650201；2. 贵州省农业科学院蚕业研究所，贵阳 550006；3. 腾冲市畜牧工作站，腾冲 679199
中文关键词：西方蜜蜂；东方蜜蜂；种间竞争；采集行为；粉源植物
英文关键词：Apis mellifera L.; Apis cerana F.; interspecific competition; foraging behavior; pollen plants
中文摘要：【目的】 在云南省腾冲市界头镇油菜花期，比较西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.不同放蜂密度下东方蜜蜂Apis cerana F.采集行为和对食物资源利用的变化，以期从食物资源竞争的角度为合理保护我国本土蜂种和维持植物群落结构及其稳定性提供科学依据。【方法】 以界头镇为研究区域，在油菜花期根据西方蜜蜂的蜂场分布、蜂群数量及放蜂密度，确定了三个样点两种生境，观察西方蜜蜂不同放蜂密度下对东方蜜蜂的采集行为、访花频率、单花采集停留时间及粉源植物利用的影响。【结果】 在农田生境中，西方蜜蜂放蜂密度最大的沙坝地试验点东方蜜蜂的访花频率最高（14.93朵/min），单花采集停留时间最短（1.96 s/朵），采集油菜花粉的数量比例最低（37%），采集花粉的种类最多（11种植物），与放蜂密度最小的新庄试验点相比，上述指标差异均显著。在山林生境中，西方蜜蜂放蜂密度最小的新庄试验点，东方蜜蜂的访花频率最低（8.48朵/min），单花采集停留时间最长（4.55 s/朵），采集油菜花粉的数量比例最高（33%），采集花粉的种类最少（8种植物），与放蜂密度最大的沙坝地试验点相比，上述指标差异均显著。【结论】 在两种生境下，西方蜜蜂放蜂密度对东方蜜蜂采集行为和粉源植物利用均有显著影响，西方蜜蜂放蜂密度越大，东方蜜蜂对大宗蜜源植物（油菜）花粉的采集量越少，其采集区域由农田向山林转移的趋势越明显。
英文摘要：[Objectives] To determine the effects of different densities of Apis mellifera L. on the foraging of Apis cerana F. on Brassica campestris flowers. [Methods] We surveyed the distribution of A.cerana and A. mellifera apiaries, the number of colonies and colony strength, and analyzed the effects of the colony density of A. mellifera on the foraging behavior of A. cerana. [Results] In farmland, the average flower visiting frequency of A. cerana was highest (14.93 flowers per minute), and the average foraging time on each flower was lowest (1.96 second per flower), in the SBD experimental site, where the colony density of A. mellifera, was highest. The percentage of B. campestris pollen collected by A. cerana in the SBD experimental site was the lowest (37%), but the species diversity of pollen collected was the highest (11 kinds of pollen). The above indices were significantly different between the SBD and the XZ site, the latter had the lowest colony density of A. mellifera. In montane forest, the average flower visiting frequency by A. cerana was the lowest (8.48 flowers per minute), whereas the average foraging time spent on each flower was the highest (4.55 second per flower), in the XZ site. The percentage of B. campestris pollen collected by A. cerana in the XZ site was the highest (33%), but the species diversity of pollen collected was the lowest (8 kinds of pollen). The above indices were significantly different between the XZ and SBD sites. [Conclusion] Irrespective of whether hives are in farmland or montane forest, the colony density of A. mellifera had a significant effect on the foraging and the utilization of pollen resources by A. cerana The amount of B. campestris pollen collected by A. cerana was less where A. mellifera colony density was higher, and the restriction of the foraging activity of A. cerana to montane forest was also more obvious.