多年生水稻田主要害虫、天敌消长规律及时间生态位分析
Dynamics and temporal niches of major pest insects and their natural enemies in perennial rice fields
羊绍武；张晓明；郭海业；杜春； 全运筹；傅 杨；陈国华
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2019.150
作者单位：云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201；云南农业大学植物保护学院，云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650201
中文关键词：多年生水稻；主要害虫；主要天敌；消长规律；时间生态位
英文关键词：perennial rice; main pest insects; main natural enemies; population dynamics, temporal niche
中文摘要：
【目的】 为了明确多年生水稻田间主要害虫、天敌种群发生及为害情况，分析主要害虫与天敌在时间生态位上的关系，为多年生水稻害虫防治提供科学依据。【方法】 通过扫网法、盘拍法、目测法以及诱集法，采取5点取样调查记录云南省不同稻区多年生水稻田间害虫、天敌种类和数量。【结果】 一季稻区多年生水稻第一季田间主要害虫为稻飞虱、钻蛀性螟虫（主要为二化螟Chilo suppressalis和三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas）和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis，主要天敌为紫黑长角沼蝇Sepedon sphegeus、华丽肖蛸Tetragnatha nitens和青纹丝蟌 Indolestes cyaneus；第二季田间主要害虫为稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟，主要天敌为紫黑长角沼蝇和黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorrhinus livdipennis。二季稻区多年生水稻第三季与第四季田间主要害虫均为稻纵卷叶螟，主要天敌均为紫黑长角沼蝇和黑肩绿盲蝽。不同种植季的多年生水稻以及不同稻区的多年生水稻田间主要害虫与天敌的种类和消长规律有差异。一季稻区多年生水稻第二季田间稻飞虱与稻纵卷叶螟为害比第一季更严重；二季稻区多年生水稻第三季田间稻纵卷叶螟为害比第四季严重。一季稻区和二季稻区的多年生水稻田间均以稻纵卷叶螟的时间生态位宽度值较大，其在多年生水稻田间出现时间早，发生时间长；稻飞虱的生态位宽度值较小，发生较集中，青纹丝蟌、华丽肖蛸和黑肩绿盲蝽是控制稻飞虱的主要天敌。【结论】 不同稻区的多年生水稻田间主要害虫和天敌的种类不同。一季稻区多年生水稻第二季受害虫为害更为严重；二季稻区多年生水稻第三季受害虫为害更为严重。在多年生水稻田间，青纹丝蟌、华丽肖蛸和黑肩绿盲蝽是控制稻飞虱的主要天敌，在农事操作时应注意加强对这些天敌的保护，以增强多年生水稻田的天敌自然控害功能。
英文摘要：[Objectives] To clarify the occurrence of the main pest insects and their natural enemies in perennial rice fields, analyze the temporal relationships between these pests and their natural enemies, and provide a scientific basis for controlling pests of perennial rice crops. [Methods] The five point sampling method, incorporating sweep sampling, plate beating, visual inspection and trapping, was used to record the number of insects in perennial and conventional rice fields in two different rice planting areas in Yunnan Province. [Results] In the first growing season of conventional rice crops, the main pest insects were the rice planthopper Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza incertulas and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, and their main predators were Sepedon sphegeus, Tetragnatha nitens and Indolestes cyaneus. However, in the second growing season, the main pest insects were the rice planthopper and C. medinalis, and the main predators were S. sphegeus and Cyrtorrhinus livdipennis. In perennial rice crops, the main pest was C. medinalis and the main predators were S. sphegeus and C. livdipennis, both of which also occurred in the third and the fourth growing seasons. The species and dynamics of pest insects and their natural predators differed during different growing seasons in the two planting areas. The abundance of the rice planthopper, and the percentage damage caused by C. medinalis, were higher in the second than in the first growing season in conventional rice crops, and the percentage damage caused by C. medinalis was higher in the third than in the fourth growing season in perennial rice crops. The temporal niche of C. medinalis in the two different planting areas was larger than that of other pests; it appeared earlier and persisted longer than other pest insects in perennial rice fields. The rice planthopper had a smaller temporal niche and a briefer period of occurrence than other pest insects. Its main natural enemies were T. nitens, I. cyaneusand C. livdipennis. [Conclusion] The main pest insects and their natural enemies in perennial rice fields differed between two different rice planting areas. There was higher pest abundance and crop damage in the second than in the first growing season in conventional rice crops, but in perennial rice crops there were more pests and more crop damage in the third than in the fourth growing season. In perennial rice crops, Tetragnatha nitens, I. cyaneusand C. livdipennis were the main natural enemies of pest insects. Greater emphasis should be placed on protecting the natural predators of pest insects as a means of reducing crop damage in perennial rice fields.