生物如何适应复杂的环境变化是生物学研究的重要科学问题。其中，昆虫在长期的进化过程中形成了翅多型现象以适应复杂的环境，由此通过调控翅型的转换，对不同的环境条件做出响应，从而优化资源分配以平衡迁移或繁殖的需求，但目前对其分子调控机制仍不十分清楚。本文基于国内外最新研究进展，结合作者自己的研究，系统地综述了昆虫体内参与翅型转换调控的多种途径的研究进展，包括胰岛素信号通路、蜕皮激素信号通路、保幼激素信号通路、JNK信号通路、生物胺信号通路和病毒基因水平转移，指出了未来发展的方向。这些研究成果不仅对于进一步阐明昆虫翅多型的分子机制具有指导意义，也为开发以翅型调控为主要内容的害虫综合治理技术提供参考。

How organisms adapt to a changing environment is an important question in biology. Wing polymorphism allows insects to respond rapidly to environmental cues and balance their energy allocation between dispersal and reproduction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating wing polymorphism at the molecular level, including the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway, ecdysone signaling pathway, JH signaling pathway, JNK signaling pathway, biogenic amine signaling pathway, as well as the lateral transfer of virus genes. These results not only shed light on how such pathways regulate the switching between different wing types, but also provides new perspectives for developing novel insect management strategies.