垂叶榕果内寄生瘿蚊的发生规律
Occurrence pattern of an undescribed gall midge in the fig of Ficus benjamina
苗白鸽1, 2，杨大荣1，彭艳琼 1**
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DOI：
作者单位：1中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园昆明650223; 2 中国科学院研究生院北京100049
中文关键词：瘿蚊，寄生率，生物学特性，传粉榕小蜂，垂叶榕
英文关键词： Key words gall midge，occupancy，biological characteristics，pollinating fig wasp，Ficus benjamina
中文摘要：
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在云南西双版纳热带地区，一种还未被描述属和种的瘿蚊寄生于垂叶榕果内的雌花子房里，并膨大形成虫瘿，靠取食花胚组织完成发育。通过 2010年定时定点的系统观察和研究瘿蚊的发生规律，结果发现:该种瘿蚊在垂叶榕上发生频率较高，抽样的 18批果有 17批被瘿蚊寄生，其中有 13批果的寄生比率超过了 60%，部分甚至达到 100%。瘿蚊寄生雌花的平均比率不超过 6%，平均每个榕果内有瘿蚊 1～40只不等。瘿蚊寄生不仅降低了垂叶榕的种子数，还致命性地影响着传粉榕小蜂的繁殖。在对瘿蚊的羽化、交配行为及其成虫的活动规律观察中，结果显示:寄生在一个榕果里瘿蚊需要 5～7 d才能羽化完，其羽化高峰期出现在第 2～3天;一天内羽化的高峰出现在上午 8:00—10:00及晚上 20:00—0:00;而羽化后瘿蚊活动高峰期出现在上午 8:00—11:00。雄蚊会帮助雌蚊离开榕果并优先获得交配权，雌蚊交配后飞离繁殖自身的榕树，去寻找适合产卵的榕果繁殖后代，雄蚊不离开羽化树，而死在繁殖自身的榕树附近。这些结果为深入研究瘿蚊的防治技术提供了科学依据。
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英文摘要：
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In Xishuangbanna tropical region，an undescribed species of gall midge on Ficus benjamina lays its eggs in the ovary of female flowers，producing a large gall in which the larva feeds on the gall’s tissue to complete its life cycle． We investigated the occurrence of gall midge onF． benjamina through systematic sampling at a fixed time and location in2010. Eighteen crops were sampled and gall midges found to occur in 17 of them． The percentage of figs attacked by gall midges was over 60% in 13 of the crops，reaching as high as 100%． Gall midges parasitized only up to 6% of femaleflowers and on average produced fewer than forty individuals in a single fig． The occurrence of gall midges reduced the number of seeds produced and had a deadly effect on the reproductionof pollinators． We observed the behaviour of eclosion，mating and flight of the gall midge． We found that all gall midges colonizing a single fig took 5—7 days to complete eclosion，and that the eclosion peak appeared in the 2 nd —3rd． In one day，eclosion peaks occured at 8:00— day
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10:00 in the morning and 8:00—12:00 at night． The peak of activity after eclosion was at 8:00—11:00 in the morning．Male gall midges emerged first and assisted female gall midges to emerge． Once a female had emerged，a male would matewith her． Female gall midges left the natal fig trees after mating to search for appropriate trees for egg-laying． However， after mating，male gall midges died under the natal trees． Our results provide a basis for future study of the technology ofgall midge control． Key words gall midge，occupancy，biological characteristics，pollinating fig wasp，Ficus benjamina
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