小菜蛾抗性治理及可持续防控技术研究与示范*——公益性行业(农业)科研专项“小菜蛾可持续防控技术研究与示范”进展
Research progress of the resistance management and sustainable control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in China
冯夏1**，李振宇1，吴青君2，谌爱东3，吴益东4，侯有明5，何余容6
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作者单位：1广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所广州510640；2 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所北京100081；
中文关键词：小菜蛾，抗性监测，抗性治理，抗性机理，可持续控制，示范推广
英文关键词： diamondback moth, resistance detection, resistance mechanism, resistance management, sustainable control, demonstration
中文摘要： 针对我国小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)严重为害及高抗药性的现状，在华南、华中、华东、华北和西南等具代表性地区开展小菜蛾灾变规律、抗性监测及治理、越冬迁飞、抗性机理及可持续防控技术研究集成与示范。灾变规律研究结果表明，我国各地小菜蛾的年发生世代从北至南呈逐渐增加趋势，各地小菜蛾发生起始峰时间从南至北逐渐向后推移，每年不同区域有一至两个发生高峰，年度间受温度和降水等气候因素、天敌等生物因子以及耕作制度等人为操作等多种因素的影响。抗性监测及治理研究显示，全国5个十字花科蔬菜主产区小菜蛾对11种代表性杀虫剂都有较强的抗药性，不同药剂在全国的抗药性水平有很大差异，在华南、西南和华东十字花科蔬菜主产区抗性水平相对较高，华中和华北呈现抗性上升趋势，并根据抗性监测结果制定区域性抗性治理策略。越冬和迁飞研究证明，武汉至驻马店区域为小菜蛾的越冬北限，小菜蛾存在远距离迁移的特性，并确定小菜蛾有迁入迁出和迁入定殖两种迁飞模式。抗性机理研究结果表明，小菜蛾对Bt制剂、阿维菌素、氟虫腈、茚虫威和丁醚脲的抗性遗传方式不同，各药剂交互抗性普也存在差异。可持续防控技术方面，制定了适合各区域的小菜蛾可持续防控技术体系，并在华南、华东、华北、华中和西南等地区建立了45个示范基地，依区域不同分别示范推广具区域特色的以农业措施、生物防治、生态调控和合理用药为主的可持续防控等技术，累计印刷技术宣传手册16万份，培训各类农民和基层农技人员519万人次，累计示范面积近4万公顷，带动技术示范近20万公顷，取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。
英文摘要： Resistance monitoring, resistance management, overwintering, migration, resistance mechanism and sustainable control of diamondback moths were investigated in South, Southeast, North, Southwest and Central China. The results indicate that generations of diamondback are increasing from north to south. Populations have one to two peaks each year and these occur later in the north than in the south. Populations are affected by temperature, rain and natural enemies. The results of resistance monitoring and management show that resistance to 11 insecticides is high but also varies markedly between different locations. Resistance was high in the South, Southwest and Southeast, and is increasing in Central and Northern regions. These results were used to develop a strategy for resistance management. Data on overwintering and migration illustrate that there is a limitation on over wintering from Wuhan to Zhumadian. Diamondback moths have two kinds of migration. One is “move in and move out” and the other is “move in and settle down”. The resistance mechanisms to Bt, abamection, Chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb and diafenthiuron have a heterogeneous genetic basis. Suggestions for methods and strategies of diamondback moth integrated management are made with regard to different regional conditions. Fortyfive sites in the South, North, Centre, Southeast and Southwest have been established for demonstration of technologies for diamondback moth integrated management. During these demonstrations, more than 160 000 technical handbooks were delivered, and 51 900 farmers and agricultural technicians trained on a total of 24 000 hectares of farms and orchards. Obvious economic, ecological and social benefits followed.