核桃全斑蚜的发生与为害及其优势天敌四斑裸瓢虫的捕食作用
Occurrence of Panaphis juglandis, the damage caused by this pest, and the potential for it to be controlled by its dominant natural enemy, Calvia muiri
蒋 华1, 2** 杨晓霞1 李归林1 黄佳聪1, 2*** 张 炜1 董章宏1 杨
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2024.129
作者单位：1. 保山市林业和草原技术推广站，保山 678000；2. 保山市林业和草原科学研究所，保山 678000
中文关键词：核桃全斑蚜；四斑裸瓢虫；捕食作用；生物防治；泡核桃
英文关键词：Panaphis juglandis; Calvia muiri; predatory role; biological control; Juglans sigillata
中文摘要：【目的】 明确核桃全斑蚜Panaphis juglandis在云南省保山市泡核桃Juglans sigillata产区的发生为害、分布格局，以及优势捕食性瓢虫的种类、捕食作用和生物防治潜能。【方法】 林间调查5个泡核桃林分内核桃全斑蚜的种群密度、为害率和空间分布型，以及捕食性瓢虫种类和数量；室内测定优势瓢虫不同虫态对核桃全斑蚜的捕食功能反应、寻找效应、自身密度和种内干扰反应。【结果】 核桃全斑蚜在保山市泡核桃栽培林内呈聚集分布，为害率为26.67%-93.33%，虫口密度为10.27-489.41头/100叶。泡核桃林分中，捕食性瓢虫的优势种为四斑裸瓢虫Calvia muiri，其物种优势度为44.34%。四斑裸瓢虫不同虫态对核桃全斑蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应类型，日平均捕食量均随猎物密度增加而增大，其中4龄幼虫对核桃全斑蚜的瞬时攻击率（a′）和捕食能力（a′/Th）最强，分别为1.321 5和197.24；雌成虫的日最大理论捕食量（1/Th）最高，为153.85头，单头处理时间（Th）最短，为0.006 5 d；1龄幼虫的捕食能力（a′/Th）最弱，仅为47.19。四斑裸瓢虫不同虫态对核桃全斑蚜的寻找效应均随猎物密度增加而减弱，4龄幼虫的寻找效应最强。四斑裸瓢虫不同虫态对核桃全斑蚜的捕食受自身密度与种内干扰较强，在猎物密度一定的条件下，自身密度干扰系数为0.596 1-0.733 2；在捕食者与猎物密度等比增大的条件下，种内干扰系数为0.337 3-0.509 8。【结论】 四斑裸瓢虫是保山市泡核桃林内的优势瓢虫资源，其对核桃全斑蚜具有较强的捕食能力和控害潜能，应加强林间保护及生防利用。
英文摘要：
[Aim] To clarify the occurrence and distribution of Panaphis
juglandis in the Juglans sigillata producing area of Baoshan in
Yunnan Province, to assess the damage caused by this pest, and identify
potential biological control agents for it. [Methods] Five stands of J. sigillata in
Baoshan, Yunnan Province were surveyed to determine the population density,
infestation rate and spatial distribution pattern of P. juglandis,
and the number and species of predatory ladybugs. The predatory responses,
search effort, density and intraspecific interference responses, of different
developmental stages of the dominant ladybug species to P. juglandis were measured under laboratory conditions. [Results] P. juglandis had an aggregated
distribution with infestation rates ranging from 26.67% to 93.33%, and
population densities ranging from 10.27 to 489.41 ind./100 leaves. The dominant
predatory ladybug was Calvia muiri, with a species dominance index of
44.34%. The predatory functional responses of different developmental stages of C. muiri to P. juglandis conformed to the Holling-Ⅱ
functional response type; average daily predation increased with prey density. 4th
instar C. muiri larvae had the highest instantaneous attack rate
(a′) and predation capacity (a′/Th) (1.321 5
and 197.24, respectively), and female adults had the maximum theoretical daily
predation (1/Th) rate of 153.85. The shortest processing time
(Th ) for a single prey was 0.006 5 d, and 1st instar larvae
had the lowest predation capacity of 47.19. The search effort of different
developmental stages of C. muiri decreased with increasing prey
density, and was strongest in 4th instar larvae. The predation capacity of
different developmental stages of C. muiri was strongly affected
by its own density; at a given prey density, the intraspecific interference
coefficient ranged from 0.596 1 to 0.733 2. When the predator-prey density
increased in an equal ratio, the intraspecific disturbance coefficient ranged
from 0.337 3 to 0.509 8. [Conclusion] C. muiri is the dominant ladybug
in J. sigillata forests in Baoshan and an important predator of P. juglandis. It should therefore be protected and utilized as a biological
control for this pest.