网室内不同结构蜂群的消长及对大豆不育系授粉效果的影响
Population dynamics of queen-right, queen-less and virgin queen, honey bee colonies and their relative effectiveness as pollinators of sterile soybeans in a net room
刘强，姚慧敏，申晋山，武文卿，宋怀磊，雷佳，马卫华，姜玉锁，卜莉
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DOI：10.7679/j.issn.2095-1353.2022.131
作者单位：延安市养蜂试验站，延安 716000
中文关键词：意大利蜜蜂；处女王；无王；大豆不育系；网室制种
英文关键词：Apis mellifera ligustica; virgin queen; queenless; soybean sterile line; net room
中文摘要：【目的】 为提高大豆不育系产量和节约授粉成本，需要选择合适结构的授粉蜂群。【方法】 本研究采用计数法和称重法研究了网室内正常组（交尾王）、无王组和处女王组的消长，花粉消耗及授粉后大豆不育系产量相关性状，利用摄像的方法监测了3种结构蜂群的出勤蜂频次。【结果】 3种结构蜂群的消长结果显示，处女王组蜂数减少比例最高（58.07%），显著高于正常组（30.83%）和无王组（38.80%）（P<0.05）；正常组封盖子减少比例为43.40%，极显著低与无王组和处女王组（P<0.01）；正常组的卵减少比例为54.2%，低于无王组（100%）和处女王组（90.99%），正常组与无王组有显著差异（P<0.05）。3种结构蜂群的出勤活跃时间均集中在9:00-13:00；正常组蜜蜂出勤有两个高峰，无王组和处女王组有1个高峰；出勤蜂日频次由多到少依次为正常组（38只）、处女王组（31只）和无王组（24只），3组之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）。3种结构蜂群的花粉消耗率无显著差异（P>0.05）。大豆不育系授粉效果显示，正常组和无王组授粉后大豆株产量均极显著高于处女王组（P<0.01）；正常组的荚数和粒数极显著高于无王组和处女王组（P<0.01）。【结论】 网室大豆不育系授粉，正常蜂群组和无王组授粉效果优于处女王组；使用无王组和处女王组可以减少成本。
英文摘要：[Objectives] To investigate the
effect of the queen status of honey bee colonies on their ability to pollinate sterile
soybeans, and thereby find ways to increase soybean yield and reduce
pollination costs. [Methods] The population dynamics and pollen consumption of queenright (mated queen)
and queen-less colonies, and those with a virgin queen, and sterile soybean
yield after pollination in a net room, were investigated by counting and
weighing. The frequency of bees entering and leaving hives in each of the three
kinds of colonies was monitored with a camera. [Results] The greatest decline in number of bees
(58.07%) occurred in the virgin queen group, which was significantly higher
than that in either the queenright group (30.83%) or the queen-less group
(38.80%) (P < 0.05). The decline
in the proportion of capped brood was significantly lower in the queenright
group (43.40%), than in either the queen-less group or the virgin queen group (P < 0.01). The decline in egg production
in the queenright group (54.2 %) was also significantly lower than that in the
queen-less group (100%) (P<0.05),
and was also lower, but not significantly so, than that in the virgin queen
group (90.99%). The peak period of active attendance among the three groups
occurred between 9:00-13:00. There were two peaks in the queenright group but
just one in the queen-less group and in the virgin queen group. Groups can be
ranked in frequency of attendance as follows; queenright group (38), virgin
queen group (31), and queen-less group (24); these differences are
statistically insignificant (P >
0.05). There was also no significant difference in the pollen consumption ratio
of the three groups (P>0.05). The
queenright group pollinated significantly more soybean pods and grains than
that either the queen-less group or the virgin queen group (P<0.01). Soybean plants pollinated by
either the queenright group or the queen-less group had a significantly higher
yield per plant than those pollinated by the virgin queen group (P<0.01). [Conclusion] Queenright and queen-less honey bee colonies were
significantly better pollinators of sterile soybeans than those with virgin
queens. The cost of pollinating soybean crops can, however, be reduced by using
queen-less colonies or those with a virgin queen.