Plant viruses usually depend on insects for their transmission. The study of the interaction between plant viruses and insect vectors is at the frontier of vector biology and ecology, and also provides a basis for the effective prevention and control of plant viruses. This article reviews recent progress in research on the interaction between plant viruses in the family Reoviridae and Geminiviridae, and in the genera Tenuivirus and Tospovirus, and their specific insect vectors, with particular emphasis on viral transmission and insect responses to plant viruses. The results of these studies elucidate the interaction mechanisms between plant viruses and insect vectors.