The potential of Tamarixia radiata to control Diaphorina citri, including the potential for synergistic control by both T. radiata and Menochilus sexmaculata
Author of the article:XIONG Ze-En** LIU Zhao-Kang LI Min-Er DONG Lu-Lu XIE Yu-Xi HE Wan-Cai SANG Wen***
Author's Workplace:State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Ministry of Education Guangzhou, Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
Key Words: Diaphorina citri; Tamarixia radiata; Menochilus sexmaculata; functional response; synergistic control
Abstract:
[Aim] To determine the potential of Tamarixia
radiata to act as a biological control for Diaphorina citri, a
vector of Huanglongbing (HLB), and the potential for synergistic control in
conjunction with Menochilus sexmaculata. [Methods] The parasitic functional response of adult
female T. radiata towards 4th and 5th instar nymphs of D. citri was measured under laboratory conditions. The effect of different densities of T.
radiata on the parasitism rate was examined, along with the effect of
temperature. Furthermore, the benefit of releasing just T. radiata to
control D. citri, or releasing this species together with M. sexmaculata, was assessed. [Results] At 25 ℃, the parasitic
function response of T. radiata to 4th and 5th instar nymphs followed
the Holling Ⅱ type pattern, with the
theoretical maximum daily number of prey being 55.55 and 90.91, respectively.
The daily parasitism rate decreased significantly when T. radiata density increased in relation to both instars. An increase in temperature from
25 ℃ to 39
℃ was followed by
a significant decrease in the daily parasitism rate of D. citri nymphs (F3,16=344, P<0.001; F3,16=295.07, P<0.001). A
temperature of 39 ℃ was
lethal to T. radiata within 2 hours; no D. citri nymphs were
parasitized at this temperature. Field enclosure experiments demonstrated that
releasing both T. radiata and M. sexmaculata so that the
ratio of these and adult D. citri was 2∶1∶4, reduced the D. citri population by 93 .24% after
3 weeks. [Conclusion] T.
radiata is an effective parasite of 5th instar D. citri nymphs, but
is less effectiveness against 4th instar nymphs. It also has low tolerance to
high temperatures. Best results were achieved by releasing T. radiata in
combination with M. sexmaculata so that the ratio of these species and
adult D. citri was 2∶1∶4.