[Aim]  To investigate the population dynamics of insect pests and their natural enemies in vineyards in Hami, Xinjiang to improve the forecasting and control of major insect pests in this region. [Methods]  Insect specimens were captured using net sweeping and Malaise trapping and their community structure and diversity was statistically analyzed using diversity indices. [Results]  A total of 18 736 insect samples were collected, belonging to 9 orders and 64 families. The Hymenoptera (31.25%), Diptera (25.00%), Coleoptera (15.63%), and Hemiptera (14.06%), were the dominant insect taxa. The maximum number of insects captured was 3 414 in mid-September. The community diversity index ranged from 1.17 to 2.81, the community richness index ranged from 17 to 47, and the temporal trend in the community evenness index was basically consistent with that of the diversity index, ranging from 0.32 to 0.80. The dominant concentration index ranged from 0.09 to 0.56. The main pests in vineyards were fruit flies (Diptera), aphids, mirid bugs, leafhoppers (Hemiptera), and thrips (Thysanoptera). During the initial flowering period (May), aphids and mirid bugs were the primary pests, whereas aphids and thrips were the dominant pests during the grape berry stage (early June to mid-August). Fruit flies, mirid bugs, and leafhoppers became the primary pests during the grape maturation period (late August to late September). The main natural enemies of insect pests were members of the Chrysopidae, Aphidiidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Scelionidae and Encyrtidae. Diversity analysis indicates that insect pests in Hami vineyards have a diverse range of natural enemies with stable populations. [Conclusion]  This study clarifies insect community structure and stability in Hami vineyards, thereby providing a better basis for pest control and the protection of natural enemies in the vineyards of this region.