Wheat is the most important grain crop in China. Research on wheat aphids and their management is, therefore, of great importance to national food security. This paper reviews major progress in research on wheat aphids in China over the past 25 years. It summarizes the achievements made in this field, including biological and ecological studies of wheat aphids in regions undergoing climate change, interactions between wheat aphids and their natural enemies and endosymbionts and vectored plant viruses, key monitoring and control technologies, including the prediction and forecasting of wheat aphid outbreaks, the utilization of wheat's defensive mechanisms, ecological regulation, physical control, biological control, chemical control and developing environmentally-friendly control technology systems; e.g. in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat-growing region. Finally, based on innovations in wheat aphid control technology and the current state of the wheat industry in China, prospects for future research and wheat aphid control in China are discussed.