Termites are key decomposers in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, as well as model organisms in sociobiology and biomass conversion. However, certain termite species pose a severe threat to socioeconomic development and people’s livelihood. This paper systematically reviews advances in research on termites in China in the 21st century, covering ecological functions, sociobiology, lignocellulosic metabolism, and management strategies. Future directions for termite research and control in China are also discussed, with an emphasis on promoting technological innovation and facilitating environmentally-friendly, rational, termite management. This work provides theoretical support and technical references for both the control, and sustainable utilization, of termites in China.