[Objectives]  To determine the space-time dynamic distribution of species diversity and dominant species of the ground-dwelling beetle and spider populations of wheat crops in different agricultural landscape structures and to provide a theoretical basis and method for improving wheat production and wheat-pest control. [Methods]  Based on a survey, we simulated the spatial and temporal dynamic distribution of carabid beetles and spiders in wheat fields under different landscape structures using the species diversity index. [Results]  A total of 5 683 beetles and spiders comprised of 17 families and 92 species were collected in wheat fields at Yinchuan with different landscape structures. Spiders and carabid beetles respectively comprised 15.61% and 31.15% of this total. More complicated landscape structures had greater species diversity than simpler landscapes. The index of the carabid beetle’s diversity was high in early May, then fell before rising again. Spiders’ diversity index was high in late June after which it remained consistently low. These trends were mainly caused by the effects of irrigation on ground-dwelling spiders and beetles. [Conclusion]  Numbers of Chlaenius pallipes and Pardosa astrigera were much higher in complex landscape structures than in simple landscape structures.