The effects of rice leafhopper and planthopper-borne viruses in paddy ecosystems are complex. The rapid development of technology has made omics a popular tool for investigating these viruses in planthoppers、leafhoppers and rice plants. We here review progress in research on the rice virus genome, including the mechanisms through which vector insects and rice plants become infected with rice viruses, and ecological adaptations of vector insects, with the aim of furthering understanding of the relationship between rice plants, viruses and vector insects, and providing a theoretical basis for establishing a control strategy for rice viruses.