Preliminary research on the mechanism underlying the increased attraction of Diaphorina citri for Citrus reticulate Blanco. cv. Shatangju infected with huanglongbing
Author of the article:HUANG Ke-Zhi, YANG Yu-Zhi, YAN Meng-Meng, George Andrew Charles BEATTIE, XU Chang-Bao, CEN Yi-Jing
Author's Workplace:Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University
Key Words:Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; huanglongbing; Shatangju mandarin; host plant volatiles; attractants
Abstract:
Abstract [Aim] To determine whether infection of the ‘Shatangju’ variety of Citrus reticulate (Citrus × aurantium L.) with the Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB), a serious disease of citrus associated with the phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), increases the attractiveness of infected plants to the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. [Methods] Responses of male and female ACP to volatiles (linalool, limonene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene) emitted by infected, and pathogen-free, seedlings, indicate that those from infected seedlings were not significantly more attractive to females. In a previous study, volatile compounds from young shoots of pathogen-free and ‘CLas’-infected ‘Shatangju’ mandarins were analyzed. In this study, the attractiveness of several chemical components that were elevated in infected plants, and their mixtures, were tested in both the laboratory and the field. [Results] Males were not attracted to any of the chemicals tested but females were significantly attracted to α-pinene (1 μL/mL), γ-terpinene (0.01 μL/mL) and linalool (0.1 μL/mL), but not to limonene at the concentrations tested. Females were also significantly attracted by 6 mixtures of the above chemicals. Of these mixtures, γ-terpinene (0.2 μL/mL) + α-pinene (0.8 μL/mL) + linalool (0.3 μL/mL) was the most attractive. Males were not attracted to any of the individual chemicals tested, but were significantly attracted by 4 mixtures. Compound monomers and their mixtures were placed in bottle traps in Murraya paniculata (L) Jack trees and the number of insects caught by each lure was compared. The results indicate that 5 of the 15 mixtures were significantly more attractive to D. citri adults than the others, whereas none of the single compounds was significantly more attractive. Three mixtures; γ-Terpinene (20 μL/mL) + α-Pinene (80 μL/mL) + Linalool (30 μL/mL), γ-Terpinene (2 μL/mL) + α-Pinene (8 μL/mL) + Linalool (3 μL/mL), and γ-Terpinene (20 μL/mL) + Linalool (30 μL/mL), were then tested in a citrus orchard. After 10 days, the average numbers of adults captured in traps using these mixtures was significantly higher than the number captured in control traps. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that the attractiveness of CLas-infected mandarin trees to D. citri is, in part, enhanced by the higher than normal levels of α-pinene and γ-terpinene emitted by infected plants. It may, therefore, be feasible to use these chemicals to trap the D. citri in orchards.