[Aim]  Adult female Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) create ovipositional scars and lay eggs on Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) trees, which respond by secreting enough gum to kill virtually all eggs and larvae. This indicates that the Russian olive has the potential to be used as a trap-tree to control the Asian longhorned beetle. However, the impact of the ovipositional behavior of the Asian longhorned beetle on the gum secretion of Russian olive trees has yet to be clarified. This study aims to compare the quantity of gum secreted, and its chemical composition, in response to natural, A. glabripennis oviposition scars, and artificial scars. [Methods]  The gum of Russian olive trees was collected for 15 d from both natural oviposition scars and artificially simulated scars. The weight of gum from individual scars was measured, and the amount of soluble protein, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, flavonoids, total phenols, and tannins in gum from each scar type was determined. Furthermore, small molecular metabolites in the gum were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). [Results]  There was significant difference in both the weight, and composition, of gum produced in response to natural, and artificial, oviposition scars (P<0.05). The amounts of all measured substances in gum produced in response to actual oviposition scars was significantly higher than that produced in response to artificial scars (P<0.01). A total of 80 differential metabolites were identified in gum induced by both treatments, 65 of which were up-regulated and 15 of which were down-regulated in natural scar gum relative to artificial scar gum. Two flavonoids, isorhamnetin and silibinin, were highly significantly up-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites identified the top five pathways as, protein digestion and absorption, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and tyrosine metabolism, are of which are either directly, or indirectly, related to plant defense. [Conclusion]  Oviposition scars produced by the Asian longhorned beetle induce the Russian olive to produce a greater quantity of gum containing more resistant substances, than that produced in response to artificial oviposition scars. These results lay a theoretical foundation for further investigation of the mechanism by which the gum of the Russian olive kills the eggs and larvae of the Asian longhorned beetle.