Geometric analysis of morphological variation between different body color biotypes of Halyomorpha halys
Author of the article:PAN Peng-Liang1, 2** ZHANG Fang-Mei1, 2 HONG Feng1, 2 GUO Shi-Bao1, 2 ZHOU Zhou1, 2 QIAO Li1,
Author's Workplace:1. School of Agronomy, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, China; 2. Xinyang Academy of Ecological Research, Xinyang 464000, China
Key Words:Halyomorpha halys; body color; morphological variation; landmarks; semi-landmarks
Abstract:
[Aim] To use geometric
morphometry to determine whether there are differences in morphology between
the different color biotypes of Halyomorpha
halys adults. [Methods] A flatbed scanner (Microtek MRS-9600TFU2L) was
used to capture images of the pronotum, forewing, and hindwing of adult H. halys. Data on landmarks and
semi-landmarks were obtained by digitizing these and using the draw curves
function in tpsDig2. After Procrustes fit in MorphoJ, centroid size and
Procrustes coordinates were calculated and imported into SPSS for estimating
size variation. After collating the data from different body-color types and
genders, shape variation was analyzed using MorphoJ software. Finally,
regression was performed on the procrustes coordinates and centroid size. The
residuals were used to assess differences in shape independent of size, and for
a cross-validation test. [Results] Dark and light-colored biotypes differed
significantly in the size of the pronotum (Plandmark=0.005, Psemi-landmark=0.003)
and hindwings (Plandmark=0.045) of females and in the
pronotum (Plandmark=0.042) of males. There was also
significant sexual size dimorphism in the pronotum (Plight-color<0.050, Pdark-color<0.001), forewings (Pdark-color=0.020)
and hindwings (Pboth color<0.050) within the same biotype.
There was sexual dimorphism in the shape of the pronotum (P<0.050)in
the dark-colored biotype. Cross-validation indicated that 90% of males and 80%
of females were correctly classified. Female morphology differed significantly
between biotypes (P<0.050). Landmarks and semi-landmarks on the
pronotum correctly classified > 90% of specimens, whereas those from the
forewings correctly classified > 76%. When biotype and sex were analyzed as
independent factors, cross-validation of pronotum data indicated that > 90%
of all females had been correctly classified. Data from forewing landmarks
correctly classified 100% of females, and 91.67% of males from the dark-color
biotype. Controlling for allometric effects further improved the results,
except for hindwing data. [Conclusion] Geometric
morphometrics can be used to determine the relationship between body-color
biotype and local morphological variation in H. halys, which, in turn, can be used to analyze sexual dimorphism
in size and shape in this species.