[Aim]  To analyze the genetic diversity of six geographic populations of Apis cerana cerana in the Lüliang Mountain Area using morphological markers, in order to identify populations with superior traits, and thereby provide a basis for the conservation of valuable genetic resources and the selective breeding of this species in this region. [Methods]  Based on Ruttner’s morphometric methods and the NY/T 2364-2013 standard, 37 morphological traits were measured in 540 worker bees. Data, including flight capacity-related indices, foraging ability-related indices, body size-related indices and wax secretion ability-related indices, were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, principal coordinate analysis, and cluster analysis, to comprehensively evaluate population differentiation and genetic diversity. [Results]  The results indicate that 20 of the 37 morphological traits analyzed significantly differed (P<0.05) among the six sampling sites in the Lüliang Mountain Area. The Mizhi County population had the best flight performance and strong wax secretion ability, whereas the Zizhou County population had the longest proboscis. The Wubu County population performed poorly in most traits. Among the six sampling sites, the foraging-related metrics of the Wubu County population were consistently the lowest, indicating the weakest foraging capacity. Bees from the Mizhi, Zizhou, and Qingjian Counties were larger in body size, whereas those from Wubu County were the smallest. Worker bees from Mizhi, Qingjian, and Shilou Counties displayed well-developed wax glands and stronger wax secretion ability, whereas those from Wubu County were the weakest in these respects. Among the 19 economic performance-related traits analyzed, some morphological variations were observed across sites, but the degree of variation was not statistically significant. Clustering results based on morphological traits were largely consistent with the geographical distribution of the sampling sites. [Conclusion]  The results of this study indicate significant morphological differentiation among geographically distinct populations of A. c. cerana in the Lüliang Mountain Area, along with marked regional variation in economically important traits. The Mizhi County population has the best flight performance, whereas the Zizhou County population has the longest proboscis. Worker bees from the Mizhi, Zizhou, and Qingjian Counties have larger body sizes, and those from Mizhi, Qingjian, and Shilou Counties have superior wax secretion capacity. In contrast, the Wubu County population had the weakest flight and foraging ability, and the smallest body size. These differences may reflect geographical isolation, ecological adaptation, and localized selection pressures.