Anoplura (lice) are obligate ectoparasites of eutherians. The mitochondrial genome of Anoplura has undergone drastic fragmentation and formed multiple mitochondrial minicircular chromosomes that differ from the typical single mitochondrial genome. Sequences of trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) genes from 17 species of sucking lice and an outgroup (the screamer louse, Bothriometopus macrocnemis) were compared to investigate the independent, and concerted, evolution of these genes. [Methods]  The trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) genes of 4 species of sucking lice from 3 genera and 3 families collected in Yunnan (Polyplax reclinata, Polyplax serrata, Hoplopleura pacifica, Ancistroplax crocidurae) were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform, and compared with those of 13 other species and the screamer louse outgroup obtained from GenBank. Evolutionary relationships among species were inferred using the maximum parsimony method (MP) and the homology of trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) gene sequences was analyzed. [Results]  The trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) genes of all 17 species of sucking lice formed a typical clover structure. TrnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) genes have very long identical sequences in Pediculus, Pthirus and Pedicinus, very short identical sequences in Hoplopleura and Ancistroplax, and intermediate length sequences in Polyplax, Microthoracius and Haematopinus. The length of identical trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) gene sequences in common, typical, single circular, mitochondrial genome species is 6-10 bp. Sequences in different genera sucking lice were significantly different, whereas those in the same genus were only slightly different. A phylogenetic tree indicates that there has been both concerted, and independent, evolution of the trnL₁(tag), trnL₂(taa), trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) genes. [Conclusion]  Sucking lice with longer identical trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) gene sequences are more likely to have undergone concerted evolution, whereas those with shorter identical sequences are more likely to have undergone independent evolution. Concerted evolution would be expected over the long term, or between distantly related species, whereas independent evolution would be expected over the short term (between two recombination events), or between closely related species. The fragmented pattern of the Anoplura mitochondrial genome may influence the length of identical trnL₁(tag) and trnL₂(taa) gene sequences.