Mosquitoes breed by feeding on the blood of vertebrates to obtain the nutrients necessary to oviposition. In the process of feeding on human blood, mosquitoes can transmit a variety of serious human diseases and pose a great risk to human health. With the rapid development of globalization and the intensification of global climate change, the distribution of arboviruses represented by the dengue virus (DENV) and the Zika virus (ZIKV) has also presents globalization. China has a large geographical span and abundant local pathogens and vectors. With the growth of population, the expansion of urbanization, the frequent international trade and the increase of international tourism, there are more and more imported mosquito-borne diseases, and the public health problems caused by these diseases have also been paid more and more attention. In this paper, we systematically introduce the mosquito-borne diseases (dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika fever, Chikungunya fever, and Sindbis disease) and their vectors, their distribution and characteristics, in order to provide theoretical basis for the systematic research and comprehensive control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in China.