Abstract  Being an important environmental insect, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) has been widely used for the disposal and utilization of organic waste. Recent studies have found that the gut microbiota of black soldier fly larvae can promote the larval growth, and enhance fecal transformation efficiency. This article reviews recent research on the gut microbiota of black soldier fly larvae, including the role of the gut microbiota in larval growth, fecal treatment efficiency, and the elimination of environmental toxins (antibiotics, heavy metals, etc.). Future prospects for research on, and the application of, the gut microbiota of black soldier fly larvae, are discussed.